The uses of stem cells

　　干細胞的應用

　　Potent medicine

　　特效醫學

　　Stem cells may transform the development of newdrugs

　　干細胞可能改寫新藥發展

　　PLURIPOTENT is a long word that means able to do many things.

　　多能的意思是能做很多事。

　　It is the technical term applied to stem cells that can generate many different sorts ofbodily tissue, rather than just one sort, which is all that lesser stem cells can manage.

　　這一技術術語適用于可分化成多種不同身體組織的干細胞，而不是像次級分化干細胞一樣只可以分化成一種身體組織。

　　But many researchers hope these cells will be pluripotent in other ways, too.

　　但是研究者希望干細胞在其他方面也具備多能性。

　　Not only might they be used to make replacementtissues and organs for transplantation into those whose existing body parts no longer workproperly, they might also be used to produce pure cultures of cells for the early testing ofdrugs.

　　干細胞不僅可用于獲得某些身體部分運作不良者移植用的替換組織或器官，還可以用于培養藥物早期試驗用的純系細胞。

　　The culturing and use of human pluripotent stem cells is controversial because the naturalsource of such cells is embryos, which are destroyed by the process of extraction.

　　人類多功能干細胞的培養和使用備受爭議，因為這類細胞的自然來源胚胎，在提取過程中會被破壞。

　　But in 2007 two groups of researchers, one in Japan and the other in America, announcedthat they had worked out how to make adult skin cells behave like natural pluripotent cells,by adding four activated genes to them.

　　但是2007年，日本和美國各有研究者表示，通過增加4個激活基因，成人皮膚細胞可有與自然多功能細胞相同的表現。

　　The result is known as an induced pluripotent stem cell.

　　這一成果被稱為誘導多功能干細胞。

　　On January 3rd AstraZeneca, a British drug company, said it would buy human heart muscle,blood vessels, nerve cells and liver cells made from iPS cells by Cellular Dynamics, acompany founded by James Thomson.

　　1月3日，英國阿斯利康制藥表示將向杰姆湯姆生創立的細胞動力公司購買用誘導能干細胞生產的心肌、血管、神經細胞和肝細胞。

　　Dr Thomson, a biologist at the University of Wisconsin, is the man who led the team that, in1998, isolated the first human embryonic stem cells and in 2007 published the Americanversion of the iPS work.

　　湯姆生博士是威斯康星大學的生物學家。他帶領的團隊在1998年首次分離了人類胚胎干細胞，并在2007年發表美方的誘導能干工作成果。

　　AstraZeneca has two plans for its purchases.

　　阿斯利康這次的計劃有兩個：

　　One is to use them to find molecules that encourage non-pluripotent stem cells to turn intomature tissue.

　　一是利用誘導能干細胞尋找能刺激非能干細胞轉化成成熟組織的分子。

　　Such molecules could act as drugs that coax damaged tissue to heal itself.

　　這類分子可作為誘導損傷組織自我修復的藥物;

　　The second is to use iPS cells to test drugs that have nothing to do with regenerativemedicine.

　　二是利用誘導能干細胞測試與再生醫學無關的藥物。

　　Too often, a promising-looking drug fails late on in a clinical trial.

　　一個前景光明的藥物常常在之后的臨床試驗中失敗。

　　Sometimes this is because it does not deliver the promised benefit.

　　有時是由于該藥未起到預期作用;

　　Sometimes, however, it works but its side effects prove more dangerous than the disease it issupposed to treat.

　　而有時藥物起作用了，但副作用比其治療的疾病更危險。

　　The cost of failed trials is an important reason why drug research is so expensive.

　　試驗花費是藥物研究成本高昂的一個重要原因。

　　AstraZeneca therefore plans to use Cellular Dynamics s cells to check the toxicity ofpotential medicines before they get inside a human being, in order to reduce the number oftrials that fail for the second reason.

　　所以阿斯利康計劃在人體試驗前，利用細胞動力公司的細胞來測試新藥的毒性，以便減少由第二個原因導致的試驗失敗。

　　And AstraZeneca is not the only company using iPS cells in new ways.

　　阿斯利康并不是唯一一家在新領域應用誘導能干細胞的公司。

　　In December GlaxoSmithKline,another British firm, described an experiment in which itassaulted neurons derived from iPS cells with beta-amyloid, a molecule linked to Alzheimer sdisease, and then tested whether the beta-amyloid responded to hundreds of existing drugs.

　　另一家英國公司葛蘭素史克11月公布了一項實驗：該實驗利用帶-淀粉的誘導能干細胞分化的神經細胞來測試-淀粉對成千上百種現有藥物的反應。

　　The findings of this experiment will be published in Stem Cell Research in March.

　　實驗結果將發表在3月份的《干細胞研究》上。

　　Another trick made possible by iPS cells is to derive them from patients with specificailmentsparticularly ailments with a genetic componentand then nudge the inducedcells into becoming the type of cell afflicted by that ailment.

　　誘導能干細胞還可實現另一種可能，即從患有特定疾病尤其是與基因有關的疾病的患者身上獲得誘導能干細胞，然后使其轉變成受該疾病影響的特定細胞。

　　Several groups of researchers have used disease-prone cells created in this way to explorehow the disease in question develops, and whether it succumbs to drugs.

　　有幾個研究小組已利用這種疾病傾向細胞來探索疾病的發展及藥物的有效性。

　　George Daley, of Harvard University, is one of the most enthusiastic explorers of thesedisease in a dish models.

　　哈弗大學的喬治?戴利是最熱衷于這些皿中疾病的研究者之一。

　　In 2008 he created stem-cell lines from people with ten different conditions, includingDown s syndrome, juvenile diabetes and Parkinson s disease.

　　2008年他從十種不同疾病包括唐氏綜合征、青少年型糖尿病及帕金森病的患者身上獲得干細胞株。

　　Such models are hardly foolproofDr Daley himself acknowledges that the technology is stillin its infancybut eventually they may bring new drugs.

　　這些模型難免存在差錯戴利博士也承這一技術還處于起步階段，但最終它們可能帶來新藥。

　　iPierian, a company that Dr Daley helped found, has used iPS cells to develop two antibodiesthat might be used to attack tau, a protein implicated in Alzheimer s disease, and also toclear up inflammation linked with Alzheimer s and other neurodegenerative conditions.

　　戴利參與創立的iPierian公司利用誘導能干細胞研制了兩種抗體。這兩種抗體或可用于攻擊與阿爾茲海默病有關tau蛋白，同事可能用于消除與阿爾茲海默病和其他神經退化性疾病有關的炎癥。

　　That is a use far removed from the original idea of employing stem cells in regenerativemedicine.

　　這與將干細胞應用于再生醫學的原始想法相去甚遠。

　　The plurality of their potency, then, is only just beginning to be explored.

　　干細胞多能性應用多樣化的探索才剛剛起步。

　　詞語解釋

　　1.apply to 適用于;運用;致力于

　　The same logic could well apply to the iphone.

　　同樣的邏輯或許也完全適用于iphone。

　　These passwords apply to the entire workbook.

　　這些密碼可應用于整個工作簿。

　　2.no longer 不再，已不

　　That model no longer works.

　　這種模式現在不再有效。

　　But it no longer does.

　　但美國已經不再需要。

　　3.work out 解決;作出;鍛煉

　　Britain, too, must work out what it wants from the eu.

　　英國也必須解決一個問題，即本國想從歐盟得到什么。

　　New cars often suffer quality glitches that auto makers try to work out over time.

　　新款汽車常常存在質量上的毛病，需要生產商花時間來解決。

　　4.stem cell 干細胞

　　Her right-to-life convictions extend to stem cell research, which she opposes.

　　她還反對干細胞研究，以表現她那泛濫的生存權信念。

　　Long-term follow-up after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

　　異基因造血干細胞移植后的長期隨訪。

　　The uses of stem cells

　　干細胞的應用

　　Potent medicine

　　特效醫學

　　Stem cells may transform the development of newdrugs

　　干細胞可能改寫新藥發展

　　PLURIPOTENT is a long word that means able to do many things.

　　多能的意思是能做很多事。

　　It is the technical term applied to stem cells that can generate many different sorts ofbodily tissue, rather than just one sort, which is all that lesser stem cells can manage.

　　這一技術術語適用于可分化成多種不同身體組織的干細胞，而不是像次級分化干細胞一樣只可以分化成一種身體組織。

　　But many researchers hope these cells will be pluripotent in other ways, too.

　　但是研究者希望干細胞在其他方面也具備多能性。

　　Not only might they be used to make replacementtissues and organs for transplantation into those whose existing body parts no longer workproperly, they might also be used to produce pure cultures of cells for the early testing ofdrugs.

　　干細胞不僅可用于獲得某些身體部分運作不良者移植用的替換組織或器官，還可以用于培養藥物早期試驗用的純系細胞。

　　The culturing and use of human pluripotent stem cells is controversial because the naturalsource of such cells is embryos, which are destroyed by the process of extraction.

　　人類多功能干細胞的培養和使用備受爭議，因為這類細胞的自然來源胚胎，在提取過程中會被破壞。

　　But in 2007 two groups of researchers, one in Japan and the other in America, announcedthat they had worked out how to make adult skin cells behave like natural pluripotent cells,by adding four activated genes to them.

　　但是2007年，日本和美國各有研究者表示，通過增加4個激活基因，成人皮膚細胞可有與自然多功能細胞相同的表現。

　　The result is known as an induced pluripotent stem cell.

　　這一成果被稱為誘導多功能干細胞。

　　On January 3rd AstraZeneca, a British drug company, said it would buy human heart muscle,blood vessels, nerve cells and liver cells made from iPS cells by Cellular Dynamics, acompany founded by James Thomson.

　　1月3日，英國阿斯利康制藥表示將向杰姆湯姆生創立的細胞動力公司購買用誘導能干細胞生產的心肌、血管、神經細胞和肝細胞。

　　Dr Thomson, a biologist at the University of Wisconsin, is the man who led the team that, in1998, isolated the first human embryonic stem cells and in 2007 published the Americanversion of the iPS work.

　　湯姆生博士是威斯康星大學的生物學家。他帶領的團隊在1998年首次分離了人類胚胎干細胞，并在2007年發表美方的誘導能干工作成果。

　　AstraZeneca has two plans for its purchases.

　　阿斯利康這次的計劃有兩個：

　　One is to use them to find molecules that encourage non-pluripotent stem cells to turn intomature tissue.

　　一是利用誘導能干細胞尋找能刺激非能干細胞轉化成成熟組織的分子。

　　Such molecules could act as drugs that coax damaged tissue to heal itself.

　　這類分子可作為誘導損傷組織自我修復的藥物;

　　The second is to use iPS cells to test drugs that have nothing to do with regenerativemedicine.

　　二是利用誘導能干細胞測試與再生醫學無關的藥物。

　　Too often, a promising-looking drug fails late on in a clinical trial.

　　一個前景光明的藥物常常在之后的臨床試驗中失敗。

　　Sometimes this is because it does not deliver the promised benefit.

　　有時是由于該藥未起到預期作用;

　　Sometimes, however, it works but its side effects prove more dangerous than the disease it issupposed to treat.

　　而有時藥物起作用了，但副作用比其治療的疾病更危險。

　　The cost of failed trials is an important reason why drug research is so expensive.

　　試驗花費是藥物研究成本高昂的一個重要原因。

　　AstraZeneca therefore plans to use Cellular Dynamics s cells to check the toxicity ofpotential medicines before they get inside a human being, in order to reduce the number oftrials that fail for the second reason.

　　所以阿斯利康計劃在人體試驗前，利用細胞動力公司的細胞來測試新藥的毒性，以便減少由第二個原因導致的試驗失敗。

　　And AstraZeneca is not the only company using iPS cells in new ways.

　　阿斯利康并不是唯一一家在新領域應用誘導能干細胞的公司。

　　In December GlaxoSmithKline,another British firm, described an experiment in which itassaulted neurons derived from iPS cells with beta-amyloid, a molecule linked to Alzheimer sdisease, and then tested whether the beta-amyloid responded to hundreds of existing drugs.

　　另一家英國公司葛蘭素史克11月公布了一項實驗：該實驗利用帶-淀粉的誘導能干細胞分化的神經細胞來測試-淀粉對成千上百種現有藥物的反應。

　　The findings of this experiment will be published in Stem Cell Research in March.

　　實驗結果將發表在3月份的《干細胞研究》上。

　　Another trick made possible by iPS cells is to derive them from patients with specificailmentsparticularly ailments with a genetic componentand then nudge the inducedcells into becoming the type of cell afflicted by that ailment.

　　誘導能干細胞還可實現另一種可能，即從患有特定疾病尤其是與基因有關的疾病的患者身上獲得誘導能干細胞，然后使其轉變成受該疾病影響的特定細胞。

　　Several groups of researchers have used disease-prone cells created in this way to explorehow the disease in question develops, and whether it succumbs to drugs.

　　有幾個研究小組已利用這種疾病傾向細胞來探索疾病的發展及藥物的有效性。

　　George Daley, of Harvard University, is one of the most enthusiastic explorers of thesedisease in a dish models.

　　哈弗大學的喬治?戴利是最熱衷于這些皿中疾病的研究者之一。

　　In 2008 he created stem-cell lines from people with ten different conditions, includingDown s syndrome, juvenile diabetes and Parkinson s disease.

　　2008年他從十種不同疾病包括唐氏綜合征、青少年型糖尿病及帕金森病的患者身上獲得干細胞株。

　　Such models are hardly foolproofDr Daley himself acknowledges that the technology is stillin its infancybut eventually they may bring new drugs.

　　這些模型難免存在差錯戴利博士也承這一技術還處于起步階段，但最終它們可能帶來新藥。

　　iPierian, a company that Dr Daley helped found, has used iPS cells to develop two antibodiesthat might be used to attack tau, a protein implicated in Alzheimer s disease, and also toclear up inflammation linked with Alzheimer s and other neurodegenerative conditions.

　　戴利參與創立的iPierian公司利用誘導能干細胞研制了兩種抗體。這兩種抗體或可用于攻擊與阿爾茲海默病有關tau蛋白，同事可能用于消除與阿爾茲海默病和其他神經退化性疾病有關的炎癥。

　　That is a use far removed from the original idea of employing stem cells in regenerativemedicine.

　　這與將干細胞應用于再生醫學的原始想法相去甚遠。

　　The plurality of their potency, then, is only just beginning to be explored.

　　干細胞多能性應用多樣化的探索才剛剛起步。

　　詞語解釋

　　1.apply to 適用于;運用;致力于

　　The same logic could well apply to the iphone.

　　同樣的邏輯或許也完全適用于iphone。

　　These passwords apply to the entire workbook.

　　這些密碼可應用于整個工作簿。

　　2.no longer 不再，已不

　　That model no longer works.

　　這種模式現在不再有效。

　　But it no longer does.

　　但美國已經不再需要。

　　3.work out 解決;作出;鍛煉

　　Britain, too, must work out what it wants from the eu.

　　英國也必須解決一個問題，即本國想從歐盟得到什么。

　　New cars often suffer quality glitches that auto makers try to work out over time.

　　新款汽車常常存在質量上的毛病，需要生產商花時間來解決。

　　4.stem cell 干細胞

　　Her right-to-life convictions extend to stem cell research, which she opposes.

　　她還反對干細胞研究，以表現她那泛濫的生存權信念。

　　Long-term follow-up after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

　　異基因造血干細胞移植后的長期隨訪。