復(fù)雜定語從句的翻譯（下）
一主二仆式定語從句是指一個先行詞帶有兩個或兩個以上定語從句的情況。該結(jié)構(gòu)中的定語從句比較規(guī)范，均修飾一個先行詞，在翻譯時，雖然也遵循一般定語從句的翻譯技巧和方法，但還有其獨(dú)特的地方。歸納起來，有如下幾種情況：
1）譯成定語 可以把兩個定語從句譯成并列的定語，也可譯成分開的定語修飾先地詞，或分別修飾重復(fù)的先行詞。
and the old ways of earning a living rivalled by new agricultural techniques, by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts with strane machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional human or animal power
古老的謀生之道正受到新的農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)、新的貿(mào)易、新的行業(yè)的挑戰(zhàn)；這種新貿(mào)易是與世界上一向無人知曉的地區(qū)進(jìn)行的貿(mào)易，而種種新行業(yè)則是使用一些無需傳統(tǒng)的人力畜力驅(qū)動、可節(jié)省勞動力的奇特機(jī)遇。（并列的定語）
Almost everything which really matters and which the world possessed at the commencement of the modern age was already known to man at the dawn of history.
近代史開始時，世界擁有的每一項(xiàng)重大成就，已為歷史發(fā)端期的人們所知曉。（分開的定語）
And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited ony by the Western Europeans.
它有助于說明，為什么發(fā)源于中國的許多發(fā)明和希臘羅馬人所知道的許多發(fā)明，只是在西歐人手中才得到全面發(fā)展和充分利用。（分開的定語修飾重復(fù)的先行詞）
2）譯成并列句 可以把兩個定語從句簡單地譯成一個并列句，也可以把它們譯成兩個分開的并列句，用來表示并列、轉(zhuǎn)折或先后順序等關(guān)系：
Consequently the manor was a self-sufficient vilage that was worked by serfs who were not free to leave, and who with their labor supported a hierarchy of lay and clerical lords.
因而，采邑是靠農(nóng)奴經(jīng)營的自足自給予的村莊；農(nóng)奴不能隨便離開，并以其勞動養(yǎng)活教俗封建集團(tuán)。（一個并列句）
Not Surprisingly, the most complex political structures appeared in the Sudan, where long distance trade was most highly developed and where Islamic influence was the strongest.
毫不奇怪，蘇丹出現(xiàn)了最復(fù)雜的政治組織，在那里，長途貿(mào)易發(fā)展得最快，伊斯蘭教的影響最為強(qiáng)烈。（兩個并列句）
Our aim is to establish in Ghana a strong and progressive society where poverty and illiteracy no longer exist and disease is brought under control; and where our educational facilities provide all the children of Ghana with the best possible opportunities for the development of their potentialities.
我們的目的是在加納建立一個強(qiáng)大、進(jìn)步的社會在這里，貧困和文盲不再存在，疾病得到控制；在這里，我們的教育機(jī)構(gòu)為加納所有的孩子提供發(fā)展他們的潛力的最好機(jī)會。（兩個并列句，表示并列關(guān)系）
This hope was nurtured by the great victories won by Genghis Khans grandson, Hulagu, who was a Buddhist, and whose wife was a Christian.
成吉思汗的孫子旭烈兀所取得的偉大勝利，助長了這一希望。旭烈兀是個佛教徒，而他的妻子是基督教徒。（兩個并列句，表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系）
3）其他譯法 這類定語從句除上述兩種正規(guī)、固定的翻譯方法外，還有其他幾種比較靈活的譯法。我們可以把翻譯簡單定語從句的方法融會貫通，運(yùn)用其中，如譯成定語+句子成分，即把一個從句譯成定語，另一個從句譯成句子成分；或譯成并列句（或句子成分）+狀語從句，即把一個從句譯成并列句或句子成分，另一個從句譯成狀語從句等。
Even so the lisbon government admitted in MARCH THAt a major attack had been launched by guerrillas who were armed with mortars and automatic weapons and who inflilcted many Portuguese casualties.
即使如此，里斯本政府仍于1970年3月承認(rèn)，配備迫擊炮和自動武器的游擊隊(duì)已發(fā)動了一次大規(guī)模的進(jìn)攻，使葡萄牙人蒙受重大傷亡。（定語+句子成分）
At one extreme are Hawii and Brazil, where racial intermixture is extensive and continuing, and where racial discrimination is relatively minor.
處于一個極端的是夏威夷和巴西，在那里，種族混合十分廣泛，而且正在繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，因此，種族歧視較少。（并列句+狀語從句）
He was also an old-line Stalinist who had spent 16 years in Hungarian jails in the interwar period and who was now unwilling to share authority with the nationalist Hungarian Communists.
他還是一位老牌的斯大林主義者，曾在兩次世界大戰(zhàn)之間的時期內(nèi)在匈牙利監(jiān)獄呆了１６年，因而這時不愿與民族主義的匈牙利共產(chǎn)黨人分享權(quán)力。（句子成分＋狀語從句）
一主二仆式定語從句是指一個先行詞帶有兩個或兩個以上定語從句的情況。該結(jié)構(gòu)中的定語從句比較規(guī)范，均修飾一個先行詞，在翻譯時，雖然也遵循一般定語從句的翻譯技巧和方法，但還有其獨(dú)特的地方。歸納起來，有如下幾種情況：
1）譯成定語 可以把兩個定語從句譯成并列的定語，也可譯成分開的定語修飾先地詞，或分別修飾重復(fù)的先行詞。
and the old ways of earning a living rivalled by new agricultural techniques, by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts with strane machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional human or animal power
古老的謀生之道正受到新的農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)、新的貿(mào)易、新的行業(yè)的挑戰(zhàn)；這種新貿(mào)易是與世界上一向無人知曉的地區(qū)進(jìn)行的貿(mào)易，而種種新行業(yè)則是使用一些無需傳統(tǒng)的人力畜力驅(qū)動、可節(jié)省勞動力的奇特機(jī)遇。（并列的定語）
Almost everything which really matters and which the world possessed at the commencement of the modern age was already known to man at the dawn of history.
近代史開始時，世界擁有的每一項(xiàng)重大成就，已為歷史發(fā)端期的人們所知曉。（分開的定語）
And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited ony by the Western Europeans.
它有助于說明，為什么發(fā)源于中國的許多發(fā)明和希臘羅馬人所知道的許多發(fā)明，只是在西歐人手中才得到全面發(fā)展和充分利用。（分開的定語修飾重復(fù)的先行詞）
2）譯成并列句 可以把兩個定語從句簡單地譯成一個并列句，也可以把它們譯成兩個分開的并列句，用來表示并列、轉(zhuǎn)折或先后順序等關(guān)系：
Consequently the manor was a self-sufficient vilage that was worked by serfs who were not free to leave, and who with their labor supported a hierarchy of lay and clerical lords.
因而，采邑是靠農(nóng)奴經(jīng)營的自足自給予的村莊；農(nóng)奴不能隨便離開，并以其勞動養(yǎng)活教俗封建集團(tuán)。（一個并列句）
Not Surprisingly, the most complex political structures appeared in the Sudan, where long distance trade was most highly developed and where Islamic influence was the strongest.
毫不奇怪，蘇丹出現(xiàn)了最復(fù)雜的政治組織，在那里，長途貿(mào)易發(fā)展得最快，伊斯蘭教的影響最為強(qiáng)烈。（兩個并列句）
Our aim is to establish in Ghana a strong and progressive society where poverty and illiteracy no longer exist and disease is brought under control; and where our educational facilities provide all the children of Ghana with the best possible opportunities for the development of their potentialities.
我們的目的是在加納建立一個強(qiáng)大、進(jìn)步的社會在這里，貧困和文盲不再存在，疾病得到控制；在這里，我們的教育機(jī)構(gòu)為加納所有的孩子提供發(fā)展他們的潛力的最好機(jī)會。（兩個并列句，表示并列關(guān)系）
This hope was nurtured by the great victories won by Genghis Khans grandson, Hulagu, who was a Buddhist, and whose wife was a Christian.
成吉思汗的孫子旭烈兀所取得的偉大勝利，助長了這一希望。旭烈兀是個佛教徒，而他的妻子是基督教徒。（兩個并列句，表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系）
3）其他譯法 這類定語從句除上述兩種正規(guī)、固定的翻譯方法外，還有其他幾種比較靈活的譯法。我們可以把翻譯簡單定語從句的方法融會貫通，運(yùn)用其中，如譯成定語+句子成分，即把一個從句譯成定語，另一個從句譯成句子成分；或譯成并列句（或句子成分）+狀語從句，即把一個從句譯成并列句或句子成分，另一個從句譯成狀語從句等。
Even so the lisbon government admitted in MARCH THAt a major attack had been launched by guerrillas who were armed with mortars and automatic weapons and who inflilcted many Portuguese casualties.
即使如此，里斯本政府仍于1970年3月承認(rèn)，配備迫擊炮和自動武器的游擊隊(duì)已發(fā)動了一次大規(guī)模的進(jìn)攻，使葡萄牙人蒙受重大傷亡。（定語+句子成分）
At one extreme are Hawii and Brazil, where racial intermixture is extensive and continuing, and where racial discrimination is relatively minor.
處于一個極端的是夏威夷和巴西，在那里，種族混合十分廣泛，而且正在繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，因此，種族歧視較少。（并列句+狀語從句）
He was also an old-line Stalinist who had spent 16 years in Hungarian jails in the interwar period and who was now unwilling to share authority with the nationalist Hungarian Communists.
他還是一位老牌的斯大林主義者，曾在兩次世界大戰(zhàn)之間的時期內(nèi)在匈牙利監(jiān)獄呆了１６年，因而這時不愿與民族主義的匈牙利共產(chǎn)黨人分享權(quán)力。（句子成分＋狀語從句）
