2024屆高考英語(yǔ)大一輪復(fù)習(xí)專題課件:專題14 語(yǔ)法填空(全國(guó)通用)
4.I was ________ nervous when I stood on the stage that I forgot everything.
答案 so [so...that...意思是“如此……以至于……”。]
②由倒裝句式判斷,是填構(gòu)成倒裝條件的only,so,neither,nor,never,hardly,seldom,not until,had等,還是填do,does,did等。 【典例】 Not ________ I caught sight of my teacher in the crowd did I calm down.
解析 句意:直到我在人群中看見我的老師我才平靜下來。not until放在句首,句子要部分倒裝。
答案 until ③由it作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)的句式判斷,空格處是否填it。 【典例】 She remembered how difficult ________ was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father. 解析 句型:it is difficult(for sb)to do(某人)難以做……。how引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句缺少主語(yǔ),用it作形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)to choose...。 答案 it 【方法指導(dǎo)】 如果句中缺少謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,并確定所給動(dòng)詞要填寫為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,就要考慮時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。 【典例】 He ________ (pretend)that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice. 解析 句意:他假裝那個(gè)老虎玩具是真的……此處表達(dá)“我”上車時(shí)他正在做的事,故用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。 答案 was pretending 給出動(dòng)詞題 1.He walked in as if he ________ (buy)the school.And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City.
答案 had bought [這是由as if引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣(他沒有買下學(xué)校),因?yàn)槭桥c過去事實(shí)相反,故用過去完成時(shí)。] 2.Where men control the household,less money ________(spend)on healthcare and food,which results in poorer health for children.
答案 is spent [考查時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。money與spend之間存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),根據(jù)從句的時(shí)態(tài)可知應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。] 【方法指導(dǎo)】 如果句中已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,并確定所給動(dòng)詞要填寫為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,就要考慮是v.-ing形式、過去分詞形式還是動(dòng)詞不定式: ①作主語(yǔ),v.-ing形式與不定式一般可以互換,意義無多大區(qū)別;但在疑問句和句型“There is no+主語(yǔ)”中,主語(yǔ)需用動(dòng)名詞而不用不定式。 【典例】 It is widely believed that ________(form)a good habit will benefit us all our lives. 解析 It is widely believed that...從句中缺主語(yǔ),這里使用動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ),表示泛指意義的行為。 答案 forming ②作目的狀語(yǔ)或在形容詞后作狀語(yǔ),一般用不定式。 【典例】 For example,the proverb,“plucking up a crop ________(help)it grow”,is based on the following story. 解析 根據(jù)句子的意思,諺語(yǔ)是“揠苗助長(zhǎng)”,要用動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。 答案 to help 3.She wished that he was as easy ________(please)as her mother,who was always delighted with perfume.
答案 to please [她希望他像她的母親一樣容易滿足。賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)是was easy,并且空格位于表語(yǔ)形容詞easy之后,故考慮填動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ),這時(shí)應(yīng)聯(lián)想到句型:He is easy to please.(=It is easy to please him.)“使他很容易滿足”。] ③作伴隨狀語(yǔ),通常用分詞:與邏輯主語(yǔ)是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞;與邏輯主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,用過去分詞。 【典例】 Mary will never forget the first time she saw him.He suddenly appeared in class
one day,________(wear) sunglasses. 解析 由前面的逗號(hào)可知這里不是并列謂語(yǔ),應(yīng)該是分詞短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ),因?yàn)檫壿嬛髡Z(yǔ)是he,故用現(xiàn)在分詞形式。 答案 wearing 4.After the student left,the teacher let another student taste the water.He spit it out,________(say)it was awful.
答案 saying [他把喝進(jìn)口里的水吐了出來,同時(shí)說這水很難喝。out與空格之間是逗號(hào),并且say的邏輯主語(yǔ)也是句子的主語(yǔ)he,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞spit的動(dòng)作與say的動(dòng)作相伴發(fā)生,故填saying作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。] ④作賓語(yǔ),通常用動(dòng)名詞或不定式,介詞后面要用動(dòng)名詞。 【典例】 I remember ________(cry)on my mother’s lap at a family gathering to read her will. 解析 remember doing sth意思是“記得做過某事”。 答案 crying ⑤作定語(yǔ),不定式表將來;現(xiàn)在分詞表進(jìn)行;過去分詞表被動(dòng)與完成。 【典例】 When there was no place in the whole field ________(leave)to dig,the rabbit dug a tunnel right to where the dog had been lying all the time.There he found the carrot and the bone. 解析 此處為place的后置定語(yǔ),leave與place構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此使用過去分詞形式。 答案 left 5.The doors to the theater were open and we handed our tickets to the ticket takers ________(stand)in the doorway.
答案 standing [the ticket takers是動(dòng)作stand的執(zhí)行者,故要用現(xiàn)在分詞形式作后置定語(yǔ)。] 6.Their lives are made a bit easier to have this opportunity ________(find)nice
clothing for not a single penny.
答案 to find [此處用不定式作定語(yǔ),修飾opportunity。] ⑥作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),不定式表動(dòng)作全過程;現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行;過去分詞表被動(dòng)或完成。 【典例】 I noticed a man ________(sit)at the front. 解析 notice sb doing sth現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),表示正在做某事。 答案 sitting 7.While she was getting me ________(settle)into a tiny but clean room,the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car.
答案 settled [把“我”安置在一個(gè)很小但很干凈的房間里。get sb done。故填過去分詞settled作賓補(bǔ)。] ⑦獨(dú)立主格和with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。 【典例】 Anyone who finds a dead bird with a band on its legs is asked to send the band to Washington with a note ________(tell)where the bird was found. 解析 with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和其邏輯主語(yǔ)note為主謂關(guān)系,所以用現(xiàn)在分詞形式。 答案 telling 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1 思維定勢(shì)干擾 He was very tired
______ doing this for a whole day, but he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” higher. 解析 tired的短語(yǔ)搭配。be tired of具有很強(qiáng)的干擾性,其意為“對(duì)……厭煩”,很明顯,本句解釋不通。同時(shí),我們還應(yīng)想到be tired after/from,其意為“因……而勞累”。本句句意為:農(nóng)夫勞作一整天后很疲勞,但是他對(duì)莊稼長(zhǎng)“高”了感到很高興。 答案 after/from 【即時(shí)小練】 (1)July 1,1997 saw the return of Hong Kong to China.The day our Chinese people had looked forward to ________ (come) at last. 答案 came [句子主語(yǔ)是the day,此處缺少謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,并不是考查look forward to doing結(jié)構(gòu)。] (2)Cursing my misfortune,I was wondering where I was going to spend the night when I realized that the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to who should have the honor of receiving me ______ a guest in their house. 答案 as [因?yàn)閞eceive的搭配receive...from,這給考生解題造成了干擾,但是如果我們考慮到receive...as意為“把……當(dāng)作……來接待”,那么答案就很清楚了。] 以題說法 有考生看到be tired馬上聯(lián)想到be tired of結(jié)構(gòu),但這里不是“厭倦”之意,而是表示“在……之后累”“因……而疲倦”。 突破指南 為了避免思維定勢(shì)的干擾,考生應(yīng)認(rèn)真理清句子含義和固定搭配結(jié)構(gòu),判斷出合乎情理的句子意思。 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)2 詞形變化干擾 (2024·廣東)But such a small thing couldn’t __23__ (possible) destroy a village. 解析 possible修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞destroy作狀語(yǔ),將possible變成副詞,但是考生容易把possible的副詞寫成possiblely或possiblly,而不是possibly,這就造成本題失分。 答案 possibly 【即時(shí)小練】 (1)(2024·廣東)She was __22__(surprise) helpful. 答案 surprisingly [此處修飾helpful,要用副詞,故用surprisingly。] (2)(2024·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)While there are __68__(amaze) stories of instant transformation,for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river. 答案 amazing [此處修飾stories,要用形容詞,故用amazing。因?yàn)閍mazing意為“令人驚訝的”,amazed意為“(人)感到驚訝的”。換言之,現(xiàn)在分詞轉(zhuǎn)換的形容詞常常修飾事物,過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)換的形容詞常常修飾人或者與人有關(guān)的事物。橫線后面是名詞story,說明應(yīng)該使用現(xiàn)在分詞轉(zhuǎn)換的形容詞。] (3)(2024·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop,and some of them looked very anxious and __43__(disappoint). 答案 disappointed [此處考查系動(dòng)詞look的用法,在本空中l(wèi)ook后接形容詞。但是,考生很容易寫成disappointing而造成失分,因?yàn)閐isappointed意為“(人)感到失望的”,而disappointing意為“令人感到失望的”,與句子意思不相符。] 以題說法 詞形變化干擾是指提示詞本身具有特殊變形所引起的干擾。在語(yǔ)法填空中,有些形容詞在變化為副詞時(shí)拼寫發(fā)生變化。例如: (1)以-le結(jié)尾的形容詞,變-le為ly:possible—possibly,terrible—terribly,comfortable—comfortably,gentle—gently,simple—simply (2)以-y結(jié)尾的形容詞,變-y為ily:easy—easily,angry—angrily,noisy—noisily,happy—happily,heavy—heavily,healthy—healthily (3)容易拼錯(cuò)的詞:excitedly,rudely,truly,healthily,politely,widely,nicely,closely,surprisingly,disappointedly,fortunately 還有些名詞的特殊變化形式,例如:argue→argument 突破指南 詞形的變化要求考查有扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),需要積累,多用心記憶。 附錄:語(yǔ)法填空做題技巧 “語(yǔ)法填空”考查的主要內(nèi)容是句子結(jié)構(gòu)、句子成分之間的一致性和句子與篇章在結(jié)構(gòu)和意義兩個(gè)層面上的制約性。語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)的分析能力是本題考查的重點(diǎn),在做題時(shí)應(yīng)該遵循“先總后分”的原則。(1)總體。先通讀全文,掌握主旨大意,了解短文的體裁、題材、時(shí)態(tài)、內(nèi)容、線索、寫作意圖、觀點(diǎn)看法、段落大意、邏輯層次等。在“總”讀的過程中,可順便填寫某些空。(2)分項(xiàng)。 “分”就是下一步的具體填空。正確理解挖空句子的含義,分析其句子成分,判斷該空需要填入的是介詞、冠詞、代詞,還是連詞或引導(dǎo)詞。如果是介詞,則大部分是詞組或固定搭配;如果是冠詞,主要是在篇章中考查其語(yǔ)法功能,表示泛指、特指或類別等;如果是代詞,通常考查的是人稱代詞的主格、賓格或物主代詞等;如果是連詞、引導(dǎo)詞,就要判斷其連接的是并列句、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句還是名詞性從句等。 最近在學(xué)校的論壇上,你看到有不少同學(xué)用英語(yǔ)在交流聽力如何突破的問題。根據(jù)以下要點(diǎn)提示,寫一篇英語(yǔ)網(wǎng)帖參與交流。內(nèi)容包括: 1.掌握聽力技巧和方法,多向老師和同學(xué)求助; 2.聽、說相結(jié)合,多聽的同時(shí)注重口語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練。 3.充分利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)、英文電臺(tái)等聽力資源。 注意:1.詞數(shù)100左右。 2.可以適當(dāng)展開聯(lián)想。 _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 【范文實(shí)例】 1.本文是一個(gè)主題貼,針對(duì)如何提高聽力水平提出了自己的方法和觀點(diǎn)。文章層次清晰,first, besides, third的運(yùn)用讓讀者一目了然,并使得上下文銜接緊密,過渡自然。 2.文章合理地運(yùn)用了一些高級(jí)句型,從而增加了文章的亮點(diǎn),如:Every student may feel it a little difficult to...中的feel后面跟復(fù)合賓語(yǔ);when necessary狀語(yǔ)從句的省略;Only if your oral English is perfect is your listening ability perfect, too.倒裝句型的使用;以及在第三點(diǎn)中祈使句的運(yùn)用等,使句型結(jié)構(gòu)多樣化。 3.作者書寫稍顯潦草,如能改正,則能錦上添花。 讀后啟示:__________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 專題十四 語(yǔ)法填空 一般來說,語(yǔ)法填空試題有兩種試題形式:詞類轉(zhuǎn)化題和純空格題。對(duì)于每一類試題要采用不同的解題方法。同時(shí)要特別注意對(duì)動(dòng)詞類的考查,它是考試中的重中之重。 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換題 【方法指導(dǎo)】 作表語(yǔ)(系動(dòng)詞之后)、定語(yǔ)(修飾名詞)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(表性質(zhì)狀態(tài))時(shí),通常用形容詞形式。 【典例】 He spoke to me in English and started explaining his past life when he was ________(health). 解析 句中缺表語(yǔ),根據(jù)空后提示詞及語(yǔ)意可知,此處應(yīng)填health的形容詞形式healthy。 答案 healthy 1....and other times they make a very ________ (consider) effort to communicate with you.
答案 considerable [修飾名詞effort,要用形容詞形式,故填considerable。] 【方法指導(dǎo)】 作主語(yǔ),或在及物動(dòng)詞、介詞后作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),前面可能有形容詞修飾,通常用名詞形式,注意單復(fù)數(shù)形式。 【典例】 He had witnessed too many ________(die) and wounds at the Battle of Solferino in Italy four years earlier,in which
40,000 people were killed,wounded or missing. 解析 考查詞形變化。這里指的是死亡,是可數(shù)名詞,在句中作及物動(dòng)詞witness的賓語(yǔ),空前的too many也暗示應(yīng)用death的復(fù)數(shù)形式。 答案 deaths 2.Apple’s new machine,the Lisa,proved to be an expensive ________(fail).
答案 failure [考查派生詞的用法。從空前的an expensive可知此處缺少一個(gè)名詞,故填failure。] 【方法指導(dǎo)】 在指示代詞、形容詞性物主代詞或者“冠詞(+形容詞)”后,用名詞形式。 【典例】 I ran into my neighbor,Dennis,yesterday afternoon.He asked if I wanted two tickets to the theater.He had season tickets but couldn’t go to this ________(perform). 解析 根據(jù)this的提示,此處應(yīng)該使用perform的名詞形式。 答案 performance 【方法指導(dǎo)】 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子,或作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),用副詞形式。 【典例】 One hundred percent of all donations will go ________(direct) to the charities. 解析 用副詞修飾動(dòng)詞go。 答案 directly 3.The country now has a total of 178 million people over 60,accounting for 13.26 percent of the total population,and the figure will increase by 3 percent ________(annual).
答案 annually [此處使用副詞修飾整個(gè)句子。所以填annually,意思是“一年一次地”。] 【方法指導(dǎo)】 根據(jù)句子意思及前后邏輯關(guān)系,有可能是詞義轉(zhuǎn)換題,詞性不一定要變,主要考查與詞根意義相反的派生詞,需要在詞根前加un、im、in等,或在詞根后加less等。 【典例】 Lost in the tune,he came suddenly upon a ________(home) beggar lying in the midst of the sidewalk.He reached down,touched the beggar’s cheek,and left a 100-dollar bill to him. 解析 此處需要形容詞修飾名詞beggar。他突然發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)無家可歸的乞丐躺在人行道中間。 答案 homeless 【方法指導(dǎo)】 若括號(hào)中所給詞為動(dòng)詞,也有可能考詞類轉(zhuǎn)換;若是形容詞或副詞,有可能考查其比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)。 【典例】 Also,the more children young couples have,the ________(happy)they become. 解析 “the+比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)”意思是“越……就越……”。根據(jù)句中的the more children可知,此處要用比較級(jí)。且語(yǔ)境表示“孩子越多,年輕夫婦就越不幸福”,故應(yīng)填unhappier。 答案 unhappier 【方法指導(dǎo)】 如果句子缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),則一定是填代詞或名詞(多考代詞)。 【典例】 Behind him were other people to whom he was trying to talk,but after some minutes ________ walked away and sat near me,looking annoyed. 解析 句子缺少主語(yǔ),根據(jù)上文可知此處仍指上文提到的那位男子,所以用he。 答案 he 純空格試題 【方法指導(dǎo)】 如果句子不缺主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞后又不缺賓語(yǔ),則在名詞或代詞前面一定是填介詞。 【典例】 The new boy looked at the teacher ________ a few seconds and... 解析 for a few seconds意思是“幾秒鐘”,for接一段時(shí)間構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。 答案 for 1.The young man went home ________
a happy heart.
答案 with [本空格處缺介詞,故填with構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)with a happy heart“心情愉快地”,作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。] 【方法指導(dǎo)】 名詞前面若沒有限定詞(冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞、不定代詞),則很可能是填限定詞。 【典例】 But she quickly realized that it wasn’t her,it was probably the fact that she sat in ________ last row. 解析 “最后一排”為特指,要加定冠詞the,即in the last row。 答案 the 2.After the student left,the teacher let ________ student taste the water.
答案 another [空格后接的詞是student,是單數(shù),another student表示另一個(gè)學(xué)生,無限定范圍的另一個(gè)。] 【方法指導(dǎo)】 若兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞或短語(yǔ)之間沒有連詞,則可能是填連詞。 【典例】 Each time the boy did something good,a thousand tiny angels gathered around the boy’s heart
________ started tickling it. 解析 根據(jù)本句內(nèi)容可知,gathered around the boy’s heart和started tickling it是并列關(guān)系,故用并列連詞and。 答案 and 【方法指導(dǎo)】 若兩句(一個(gè)主謂關(guān)系算一個(gè)句子)之間沒有連詞,也沒有分號(hào)或句號(hào),則一定是填并列連詞或從屬連詞。 【典例】 The Unicef found that,although the situation has slightly improved,many women
are still not included in family decisions,________ as a result their children are more likely to suffer from poor health. 解析 考查連詞。根據(jù)句意可知,空格前后都在說明男女不平等的結(jié)果,因此使用并列連詞and。 答案 and 3.One day,he came up with an idea ________ he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches.He did so the next day.
答案 that [他提出一個(gè)想法(idea)即他將把所有的禾苗拔高幾英寸。空格后的句子意義完整并不缺少成分,故該空格處應(yīng)填純粹的連詞that(不作成分,也沒有含義)引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句解釋先行詞idea的內(nèi)容。] 【方法指導(dǎo)】 若結(jié)構(gòu)較完整,并且空格后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是原形,特別是與上下文時(shí)態(tài)不一致或主謂不一致時(shí),則很可能是填情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或倒裝的助動(dòng)詞(do,does,did等)。 【典例】 He had no time or energy to play with his children or talk with his wife,but he
________ bring home a regular salary. 解析 這是一個(gè)由but連接的并列句,由前一分句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞had可知,后一分句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞bring也應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。可是,bring卻用原形,既與語(yǔ)境的時(shí)態(tài)不符,也與主語(yǔ)he不一致,而且該句不是倒裝句,因此,此處必定是填情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的助動(dòng)詞did(的確)。 答案 did 【方法指導(dǎo)】 由特殊的句式結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷空格應(yīng)填的詞。 ①由it is...that...強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)判斷,填it還是that;so/such...that,(n)either...(n)or等。 【典例】 The uneducated person,on the other hand,either is unable to do it,________ does it
badly,... 解析 此處表示“或者”,要注意either...or搭配。 答案 or
4.I was ________ nervous when I stood on the stage that I forgot everything.
答案 so [so...that...意思是“如此……以至于……”。]
②由倒裝句式判斷,是填構(gòu)成倒裝條件的only,so,neither,nor,never,hardly,seldom,not until,had等,還是填do,does,did等。 【典例】 Not ________ I caught sight of my teacher in the crowd did I calm down.
解析 句意:直到我在人群中看見我的老師我才平靜下來。not until放在句首,句子要部分倒裝。
答案 until ③由it作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)的句式判斷,空格處是否填it。 【典例】 She remembered how difficult ________ was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father. 解析 句型:it is difficult(for sb)to do(某人)難以做……。how引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句缺少主語(yǔ),用it作形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)to choose...。 答案 it 【方法指導(dǎo)】 如果句中缺少謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,并確定所給動(dòng)詞要填寫為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,就要考慮時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。 【典例】 He ________ (pretend)that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice. 解析 句意:他假裝那個(gè)老虎玩具是真的……此處表達(dá)“我”上車時(shí)他正在做的事,故用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。 答案 was pretending 給出動(dòng)詞題 1.He walked in as if he ________ (buy)the school.And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City.
答案 had bought [這是由as if引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣(他沒有買下學(xué)校),因?yàn)槭桥c過去事實(shí)相反,故用過去完成時(shí)。] 2.Where men control the household,less money ________(spend)on healthcare and food,which results in poorer health for children.
答案 is spent [考查時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。money與spend之間存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),根據(jù)從句的時(shí)態(tài)可知應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。] 【方法指導(dǎo)】 如果句中已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,并確定所給動(dòng)詞要填寫為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,就要考慮是v.-ing形式、過去分詞形式還是動(dòng)詞不定式: ①作主語(yǔ),v.-ing形式與不定式一般可以互換,意義無多大區(qū)別;但在疑問句和句型“There is no+主語(yǔ)”中,主語(yǔ)需用動(dòng)名詞而不用不定式。 【典例】 It is widely believed that ________(form)a good habit will benefit us all our lives. 解析 It is widely believed that...從句中缺主語(yǔ),這里使用動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ),表示泛指意義的行為。 答案 forming ②作目的狀語(yǔ)或在形容詞后作狀語(yǔ),一般用不定式。 【典例】 For example,the proverb,“plucking up a crop ________(help)it grow”,is based on the following story. 解析 根據(jù)句子的意思,諺語(yǔ)是“揠苗助長(zhǎng)”,要用動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。 答案 to help 3.She wished that he was as easy ________(please)as her mother,who was always delighted with perfume.
答案 to please [她希望他像她的母親一樣容易滿足。賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)是was easy,并且空格位于表語(yǔ)形容詞easy之后,故考慮填動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ),這時(shí)應(yīng)聯(lián)想到句型:He is easy to please.(=It is easy to please him.)“使他很容易滿足”。] ③作伴隨狀語(yǔ),通常用分詞:與邏輯主語(yǔ)是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞;與邏輯主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,用過去分詞。 【典例】 Mary will never forget the first time she saw him.He suddenly appeared in class
one day,________(wear) sunglasses. 解析 由前面的逗號(hào)可知這里不是并列謂語(yǔ),應(yīng)該是分詞短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ),因?yàn)檫壿嬛髡Z(yǔ)是he,故用現(xiàn)在分詞形式。 答案 wearing 4.After the student left,the teacher let another student taste the water.He spit it out,________(say)it was awful.
答案 saying [他把喝進(jìn)口里的水吐了出來,同時(shí)說這水很難喝。out與空格之間是逗號(hào),并且say的邏輯主語(yǔ)也是句子的主語(yǔ)he,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞spit的動(dòng)作與say的動(dòng)作相伴發(fā)生,故填saying作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。] ④作賓語(yǔ),通常用動(dòng)名詞或不定式,介詞后面要用動(dòng)名詞。 【典例】 I remember ________(cry)on my mother’s lap at a family gathering to read her will. 解析 remember doing sth意思是“記得做過某事”。 答案 crying ⑤作定語(yǔ),不定式表將來;現(xiàn)在分詞表進(jìn)行;過去分詞表被動(dòng)與完成。 【典例】 When there was no place in the whole field ________(leave)to dig,the rabbit dug a tunnel right to where the dog had been lying all the time.There he found the carrot and the bone. 解析 此處為place的后置定語(yǔ),leave與place構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此使用過去分詞形式。 答案 left 5.The doors to the theater were open and we handed our tickets to the ticket takers ________(stand)in the doorway.
答案 standing [the ticket takers是動(dòng)作stand的執(zhí)行者,故要用現(xiàn)在分詞形式作后置定語(yǔ)。] 6.Their lives are made a bit easier to have this opportunity ________(find)nice
clothing for not a single penny.
答案 to find [此處用不定式作定語(yǔ),修飾opportunity。] ⑥作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),不定式表動(dòng)作全過程;現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行;過去分詞表被動(dòng)或完成。 【典例】 I noticed a man ________(sit)at the front. 解析 notice sb doing sth現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),表示正在做某事。 答案 sitting 7.While she was getting me ________(settle)into a tiny but clean room,the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car.
答案 settled [把“我”安置在一個(gè)很小但很干凈的房間里。get sb done。故填過去分詞settled作賓補(bǔ)。] ⑦獨(dú)立主格和with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。 【典例】 Anyone who finds a dead bird with a band on its legs is asked to send the band to Washington with a note ________(tell)where the bird was found. 解析 with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和其邏輯主語(yǔ)note為主謂關(guān)系,所以用現(xiàn)在分詞形式。 答案 telling 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1 思維定勢(shì)干擾 He was very tired
______ doing this for a whole day, but he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” higher. 解析 tired的短語(yǔ)搭配。be tired of具有很強(qiáng)的干擾性,其意為“對(duì)……厭煩”,很明顯,本句解釋不通。同時(shí),我們還應(yīng)想到be tired after/from,其意為“因……而勞累”。本句句意為:農(nóng)夫勞作一整天后很疲勞,但是他對(duì)莊稼長(zhǎng)“高”了感到很高興。 答案 after/from 【即時(shí)小練】 (1)July 1,1997 saw the return of Hong Kong to China.The day our Chinese people had looked forward to ________ (come) at last. 答案 came [句子主語(yǔ)是the day,此處缺少謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,并不是考查look forward to doing結(jié)構(gòu)。] (2)Cursing my misfortune,I was wondering where I was going to spend the night when I realized that the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to who should have the honor of receiving me ______ a guest in their house. 答案 as [因?yàn)閞eceive的搭配receive...from,這給考生解題造成了干擾,但是如果我們考慮到receive...as意為“把……當(dāng)作……來接待”,那么答案就很清楚了。] 以題說法 有考生看到be tired馬上聯(lián)想到be tired of結(jié)構(gòu),但這里不是“厭倦”之意,而是表示“在……之后累”“因……而疲倦”。 突破指南 為了避免思維定勢(shì)的干擾,考生應(yīng)認(rèn)真理清句子含義和固定搭配結(jié)構(gòu),判斷出合乎情理的句子意思。 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)2 詞形變化干擾 (2024·廣東)But such a small thing couldn’t __23__ (possible) destroy a village. 解析 possible修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞destroy作狀語(yǔ),將possible變成副詞,但是考生容易把possible的副詞寫成possiblely或possiblly,而不是possibly,這就造成本題失分。 答案 possibly 【即時(shí)小練】 (1)(2024·廣東)She was __22__(surprise) helpful. 答案 surprisingly [此處修飾helpful,要用副詞,故用surprisingly。] (2)(2024·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)While there are __68__(amaze) stories of instant transformation,for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river. 答案 amazing [此處修飾stories,要用形容詞,故用amazing。因?yàn)閍mazing意為“令人驚訝的”,amazed意為“(人)感到驚訝的”。換言之,現(xiàn)在分詞轉(zhuǎn)換的形容詞常常修飾事物,過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)換的形容詞常常修飾人或者與人有關(guān)的事物。橫線后面是名詞story,說明應(yīng)該使用現(xiàn)在分詞轉(zhuǎn)換的形容詞。] (3)(2024·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop,and some of them looked very anxious and __43__(disappoint). 答案 disappointed [此處考查系動(dòng)詞look的用法,在本空中l(wèi)ook后接形容詞。但是,考生很容易寫成disappointing而造成失分,因?yàn)閐isappointed意為“(人)感到失望的”,而disappointing意為“令人感到失望的”,與句子意思不相符。] 以題說法 詞形變化干擾是指提示詞本身具有特殊變形所引起的干擾。在語(yǔ)法填空中,有些形容詞在變化為副詞時(shí)拼寫發(fā)生變化。例如: (1)以-le結(jié)尾的形容詞,變-le為ly:possible—possibly,terrible—terribly,comfortable—comfortably,gentle—gently,simple—simply (2)以-y結(jié)尾的形容詞,變-y為ily:easy—easily,angry—angrily,noisy—noisily,happy—happily,heavy—heavily,healthy—healthily (3)容易拼錯(cuò)的詞:excitedly,rudely,truly,healthily,politely,widely,nicely,closely,surprisingly,disappointedly,fortunately 還有些名詞的特殊變化形式,例如:argue→argument 突破指南 詞形的變化要求考查有扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),需要積累,多用心記憶。 附錄:語(yǔ)法填空做題技巧 “語(yǔ)法填空”考查的主要內(nèi)容是句子結(jié)構(gòu)、句子成分之間的一致性和句子與篇章在結(jié)構(gòu)和意義兩個(gè)層面上的制約性。語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)的分析能力是本題考查的重點(diǎn),在做題時(shí)應(yīng)該遵循“先總后分”的原則。(1)總體。先通讀全文,掌握主旨大意,了解短文的體裁、題材、時(shí)態(tài)、內(nèi)容、線索、寫作意圖、觀點(diǎn)看法、段落大意、邏輯層次等。在“總”讀的過程中,可順便填寫某些空。(2)分項(xiàng)。 “分”就是下一步的具體填空。正確理解挖空句子的含義,分析其句子成分,判斷該空需要填入的是介詞、冠詞、代詞,還是連詞或引導(dǎo)詞。如果是介詞,則大部分是詞組或固定搭配;如果是冠詞,主要是在篇章中考查其語(yǔ)法功能,表示泛指、特指或類別等;如果是代詞,通常考查的是人稱代詞的主格、賓格或物主代詞等;如果是連詞、引導(dǎo)詞,就要判斷其連接的是并列句、定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句還是名詞性從句等。 最近在學(xué)校的論壇上,你看到有不少同學(xué)用英語(yǔ)在交流聽力如何突破的問題。根據(jù)以下要點(diǎn)提示,寫一篇英語(yǔ)網(wǎng)帖參與交流。內(nèi)容包括: 1.掌握聽力技巧和方法,多向老師和同學(xué)求助; 2.聽、說相結(jié)合,多聽的同時(shí)注重口語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練。 3.充分利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)、英文電臺(tái)等聽力資源。 注意:1.詞數(shù)100左右。 2.可以適當(dāng)展開聯(lián)想。 _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 【范文實(shí)例】 1.本文是一個(gè)主題貼,針對(duì)如何提高聽力水平提出了自己的方法和觀點(diǎn)。文章層次清晰,first, besides, third的運(yùn)用讓讀者一目了然,并使得上下文銜接緊密,過渡自然。 2.文章合理地運(yùn)用了一些高級(jí)句型,從而增加了文章的亮點(diǎn),如:Every student may feel it a little difficult to...中的feel后面跟復(fù)合賓語(yǔ);when necessary狀語(yǔ)從句的省略;Only if your oral English is perfect is your listening ability perfect, too.倒裝句型的使用;以及在第三點(diǎn)中祈使句的運(yùn)用等,使句型結(jié)構(gòu)多樣化。 3.作者書寫稍顯潦草,如能改正,則能錦上添花。 讀后啟示:__________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 專題十四 語(yǔ)法填空 一般來說,語(yǔ)法填空試題有兩種試題形式:詞類轉(zhuǎn)化題和純空格題。對(duì)于每一類試題要采用不同的解題方法。同時(shí)要特別注意對(duì)動(dòng)詞類的考查,它是考試中的重中之重。 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換題 【方法指導(dǎo)】 作表語(yǔ)(系動(dòng)詞之后)、定語(yǔ)(修飾名詞)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(表性質(zhì)狀態(tài))時(shí),通常用形容詞形式。 【典例】 He spoke to me in English and started explaining his past life when he was ________(health). 解析 句中缺表語(yǔ),根據(jù)空后提示詞及語(yǔ)意可知,此處應(yīng)填health的形容詞形式healthy。 答案 healthy 1....and other times they make a very ________ (consider) effort to communicate with you.
答案 considerable [修飾名詞effort,要用形容詞形式,故填considerable。] 【方法指導(dǎo)】 作主語(yǔ),或在及物動(dòng)詞、介詞后作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),前面可能有形容詞修飾,通常用名詞形式,注意單復(fù)數(shù)形式。 【典例】 He had witnessed too many ________(die) and wounds at the Battle of Solferino in Italy four years earlier,in which
40,000 people were killed,wounded or missing. 解析 考查詞形變化。這里指的是死亡,是可數(shù)名詞,在句中作及物動(dòng)詞witness的賓語(yǔ),空前的too many也暗示應(yīng)用death的復(fù)數(shù)形式。 答案 deaths 2.Apple’s new machine,the Lisa,proved to be an expensive ________(fail).
答案 failure [考查派生詞的用法。從空前的an expensive可知此處缺少一個(gè)名詞,故填failure。] 【方法指導(dǎo)】 在指示代詞、形容詞性物主代詞或者“冠詞(+形容詞)”后,用名詞形式。 【典例】 I ran into my neighbor,Dennis,yesterday afternoon.He asked if I wanted two tickets to the theater.He had season tickets but couldn’t go to this ________(perform). 解析 根據(jù)this的提示,此處應(yīng)該使用perform的名詞形式。 答案 performance 【方法指導(dǎo)】 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子,或作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),用副詞形式。 【典例】 One hundred percent of all donations will go ________(direct) to the charities. 解析 用副詞修飾動(dòng)詞go。 答案 directly 3.The country now has a total of 178 million people over 60,accounting for 13.26 percent of the total population,and the figure will increase by 3 percent ________(annual).
答案 annually [此處使用副詞修飾整個(gè)句子。所以填annually,意思是“一年一次地”。] 【方法指導(dǎo)】 根據(jù)句子意思及前后邏輯關(guān)系,有可能是詞義轉(zhuǎn)換題,詞性不一定要變,主要考查與詞根意義相反的派生詞,需要在詞根前加un、im、in等,或在詞根后加less等。 【典例】 Lost in the tune,he came suddenly upon a ________(home) beggar lying in the midst of the sidewalk.He reached down,touched the beggar’s cheek,and left a 100-dollar bill to him. 解析 此處需要形容詞修飾名詞beggar。他突然發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)無家可歸的乞丐躺在人行道中間。 答案 homeless 【方法指導(dǎo)】 若括號(hào)中所給詞為動(dòng)詞,也有可能考詞類轉(zhuǎn)換;若是形容詞或副詞,有可能考查其比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)。 【典例】 Also,the more children young couples have,the ________(happy)they become. 解析 “the+比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)”意思是“越……就越……”。根據(jù)句中的the more children可知,此處要用比較級(jí)。且語(yǔ)境表示“孩子越多,年輕夫婦就越不幸福”,故應(yīng)填unhappier。 答案 unhappier 【方法指導(dǎo)】 如果句子缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),則一定是填代詞或名詞(多考代詞)。 【典例】 Behind him were other people to whom he was trying to talk,but after some minutes ________ walked away and sat near me,looking annoyed. 解析 句子缺少主語(yǔ),根據(jù)上文可知此處仍指上文提到的那位男子,所以用he。 答案 he 純空格試題 【方法指導(dǎo)】 如果句子不缺主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞后又不缺賓語(yǔ),則在名詞或代詞前面一定是填介詞。 【典例】 The new boy looked at the teacher ________ a few seconds and... 解析 for a few seconds意思是“幾秒鐘”,for接一段時(shí)間構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。 答案 for 1.The young man went home ________
a happy heart.
答案 with [本空格處缺介詞,故填with構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)with a happy heart“心情愉快地”,作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。] 【方法指導(dǎo)】 名詞前面若沒有限定詞(冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞、不定代詞),則很可能是填限定詞。 【典例】 But she quickly realized that it wasn’t her,it was probably the fact that she sat in ________ last row. 解析 “最后一排”為特指,要加定冠詞the,即in the last row。 答案 the 2.After the student left,the teacher let ________ student taste the water.
答案 another [空格后接的詞是student,是單數(shù),another student表示另一個(gè)學(xué)生,無限定范圍的另一個(gè)。] 【方法指導(dǎo)】 若兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞或短語(yǔ)之間沒有連詞,則可能是填連詞。 【典例】 Each time the boy did something good,a thousand tiny angels gathered around the boy’s heart
________ started tickling it. 解析 根據(jù)本句內(nèi)容可知,gathered around the boy’s heart和started tickling it是并列關(guān)系,故用并列連詞and。 答案 and 【方法指導(dǎo)】 若兩句(一個(gè)主謂關(guān)系算一個(gè)句子)之間沒有連詞,也沒有分號(hào)或句號(hào),則一定是填并列連詞或從屬連詞。 【典例】 The Unicef found that,although the situation has slightly improved,many women
are still not included in family decisions,________ as a result their children are more likely to suffer from poor health. 解析 考查連詞。根據(jù)句意可知,空格前后都在說明男女不平等的結(jié)果,因此使用并列連詞and。 答案 and 3.One day,he came up with an idea ________ he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches.He did so the next day.
答案 that [他提出一個(gè)想法(idea)即他將把所有的禾苗拔高幾英寸。空格后的句子意義完整并不缺少成分,故該空格處應(yīng)填純粹的連詞that(不作成分,也沒有含義)引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句解釋先行詞idea的內(nèi)容。] 【方法指導(dǎo)】 若結(jié)構(gòu)較完整,并且空格后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是原形,特別是與上下文時(shí)態(tài)不一致或主謂不一致時(shí),則很可能是填情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或倒裝的助動(dòng)詞(do,does,did等)。 【典例】 He had no time or energy to play with his children or talk with his wife,but he
________ bring home a regular salary. 解析 這是一個(gè)由but連接的并列句,由前一分句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞had可知,后一分句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞bring也應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。可是,bring卻用原形,既與語(yǔ)境的時(shí)態(tài)不符,也與主語(yǔ)he不一致,而且該句不是倒裝句,因此,此處必定是填情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的助動(dòng)詞did(的確)。 答案 did 【方法指導(dǎo)】 由特殊的句式結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷空格應(yīng)填的詞。 ①由it is...that...強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)判斷,填it還是that;so/such...that,(n)either...(n)or等。 【典例】 The uneducated person,on the other hand,either is unable to do it,________ does it
badly,... 解析 此處表示“或者”,要注意either...or搭配。 答案 or