牛津?qū)嵱糜⒄Z(yǔ)語(yǔ)法 77用不定式或分詞替代關(guān)系從句的情況
A不定式可用于下列各情況:
1在the first/second等詞及the last/only等詞之后,有時(shí)還在最高級(jí)形式之后:
the last man to leave the ship=the last man who left/leaves the ship最后離開(kāi)船的那個(gè)人
the only one to understand=the only one who understood/understands唯一理解的人
注意:這里的動(dòng)詞不定式取代了主格代詞+動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。但它不能用來(lái)取代賓格代詞+動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu),如the first man that we saw(我們看見(jiàn)的第一個(gè)人)中的從句就不能用動(dòng)詞不定式來(lái)代替,因?yàn)閠he first man to see(首先要見(jiàn)的人)這句話(huà)表示的是截然不同的意思。但如果that是被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ),如the first man that was seen(第一個(gè)被看見(jiàn)的人),則可用一個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式:the first man to be seen(第一個(gè)被看見(jiàn)的人)來(lái)代替這一從句。
2句中含某種目的或許可的意義時(shí):
He has a lot of books to read.
他有許多書(shū)要讀。(許多可以讀或必須要讀的書(shū))
She had something to do.
她有事要辦。(一件她可以辦或必須辦的事)
They need a garden to play in.
他們需要有一個(gè)可供玩耍的花園。(他們可以在里面玩耍的一個(gè)花園)
注意:這里的動(dòng)詞不定式取代了動(dòng)詞+賓格關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。有人可能會(huì)認(rèn)為動(dòng)詞不定式的這兩種用法會(huì)引起混亂,實(shí)際上這種情況很少出現(xiàn),因?yàn)榫渲械钠渌糠謺?huì)使動(dòng)詞不定式的含義變得很清楚。the first man to see這一短語(yǔ)本身可以理解成the first man that we must see(我們要見(jiàn)的第一個(gè)人,man是賓語(yǔ))或the first man who saw(第一個(gè)見(jiàn)到某種別的人或物的人,man是主語(yǔ)),而當(dāng)它成為句子的一部分時(shí),其含義就顯而易見(jiàn)了。
The first man to see is Tom.相當(dāng)于:
The first man that we must see is Tom.
我們首先要見(jiàn)的人是湯姆。
但是:
The first man to see me was Tom.相當(dāng)于:
The first man who saw me was Tom.
第一個(gè)看到我的人是湯姆。
B現(xiàn)在分詞可用于下列各種情況:
1從句中的主要?jiǎng)釉~是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí):
People who are/were waiting for the bus often shelter/sheltered in my doorway.相當(dāng)于:
People waiting for the bus often shelter/sheltered
等公共汽車(chē)的人們常常在我家門(mén)口躲風(fēng)避雨。
2從句中動(dòng)詞表示一個(gè)習(xí)慣性或連續(xù)性的動(dòng)作時(shí):
Passengers who travel/travelled in this bus buy/bought their tickets in books.相當(dāng)于:
Passengers travelling
乘這路公共汽車(chē)的乘客買(mǎi)訂成小本的車(chē)票。
Boys who attend/attended this school have/had to wear uniform.相當(dāng)于:
Boys attending
在這個(gè)學(xué)校就學(xué)的男生必須穿校服。
a law which forbids/forbade the import=a law forbidding the import一條禁止進(jìn)口的法律
a notice which warns/warned people=a notice warning people一張警告民眾的通告
an advertisement which urges/urged=an advertisement urging一條鼓勵(lì)(人們)的廣告
同樣:
a petition asking一份要求的請(qǐng)?jiān)笗?shū)
a letter ordering/demanding/telling一封命令/要求/通知的信
a placard protesting一塊抗議的標(biāo)語(yǔ)牌
placards protesting一些抗議的標(biāo)語(yǔ)牌
3從句中的主要?jiǎng)釉~表示一種愿望,即句中動(dòng)詞是wish,desire, want,hope等(但不是like)時(shí):
people who wish/wished to go on the tour=people wishing to go on the tour希望參加這次旅游的人
fans who hope/hoped for a glimpse of the star=fans hoping for a glimpse of the star希望看一眼這位明星的影迷
4含有上述動(dòng)詞之一或者含有表示知道、考慮的任何動(dòng)詞(例如know,think,believe,expect)的非限定性關(guān)系從句,也同樣可以由一個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)代替:
Peter,who thought the journey would take two days,said相當(dāng)于:
Peter,thinking the journey would take two days,said
彼得認(rèn)為旅行需要兩天時(shí)間,他說(shuō)
Tom,who expected to be paid the following week,offered相當(dāng)于:
Tom,expecting to be paid the following week,offered
湯姆預(yù)計(jì)在下周能得到付款,他提出
Bill,who wanted to make an impression on Ann,took her to相當(dāng)于:
Bill,wanting to make an impression on Ann,took her to
比爾想給安留下一個(gè)好印象,他帶她到
A不定式可用于下列各情況:
1在the first/second等詞及the last/only等詞之后,有時(shí)還在最高級(jí)形式之后:
the last man to leave the ship=the last man who left/leaves the ship最后離開(kāi)船的那個(gè)人
the only one to understand=the only one who understood/understands唯一理解的人
注意:這里的動(dòng)詞不定式取代了主格代詞+動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。但它不能用來(lái)取代賓格代詞+動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu),如the first man that we saw(我們看見(jiàn)的第一個(gè)人)中的從句就不能用動(dòng)詞不定式來(lái)代替,因?yàn)閠he first man to see(首先要見(jiàn)的人)這句話(huà)表示的是截然不同的意思。但如果that是被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ),如the first man that was seen(第一個(gè)被看見(jiàn)的人),則可用一個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式:the first man to be seen(第一個(gè)被看見(jiàn)的人)來(lái)代替這一從句。
2句中含某種目的或許可的意義時(shí):
He has a lot of books to read.
他有許多書(shū)要讀。(許多可以讀或必須要讀的書(shū))
She had something to do.
她有事要辦。(一件她可以辦或必須辦的事)
They need a garden to play in.
他們需要有一個(gè)可供玩耍的花園。(他們可以在里面玩耍的一個(gè)花園)
注意:這里的動(dòng)詞不定式取代了動(dòng)詞+賓格關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。有人可能會(huì)認(rèn)為動(dòng)詞不定式的這兩種用法會(huì)引起混亂,實(shí)際上這種情況很少出現(xiàn),因?yàn)榫渲械钠渌糠謺?huì)使動(dòng)詞不定式的含義變得很清楚。the first man to see這一短語(yǔ)本身可以理解成the first man that we must see(我們要見(jiàn)的第一個(gè)人,man是賓語(yǔ))或the first man who saw(第一個(gè)見(jiàn)到某種別的人或物的人,man是主語(yǔ)),而當(dāng)它成為句子的一部分時(shí),其含義就顯而易見(jiàn)了。
The first man to see is Tom.相當(dāng)于:
The first man that we must see is Tom.
我們首先要見(jiàn)的人是湯姆。
但是:
The first man to see me was Tom.相當(dāng)于:
The first man who saw me was Tom.
第一個(gè)看到我的人是湯姆。
B現(xiàn)在分詞可用于下列各種情況:
1從句中的主要?jiǎng)釉~是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí):
People who are/were waiting for the bus often shelter/sheltered in my doorway.相當(dāng)于:
People waiting for the bus often shelter/sheltered
等公共汽車(chē)的人們常常在我家門(mén)口躲風(fēng)避雨。
2從句中動(dòng)詞表示一個(gè)習(xí)慣性或連續(xù)性的動(dòng)作時(shí):
Passengers who travel/travelled in this bus buy/bought their tickets in books.相當(dāng)于:
Passengers travelling
乘這路公共汽車(chē)的乘客買(mǎi)訂成小本的車(chē)票。
Boys who attend/attended this school have/had to wear uniform.相當(dāng)于:
Boys attending
在這個(gè)學(xué)校就學(xué)的男生必須穿校服。
a law which forbids/forbade the import=a law forbidding the import一條禁止進(jìn)口的法律
a notice which warns/warned people=a notice warning people一張警告民眾的通告
an advertisement which urges/urged=an advertisement urging一條鼓勵(lì)(人們)的廣告
同樣:
a petition asking一份要求的請(qǐng)?jiān)笗?shū)
a letter ordering/demanding/telling一封命令/要求/通知的信
a placard protesting一塊抗議的標(biāo)語(yǔ)牌
placards protesting一些抗議的標(biāo)語(yǔ)牌
3從句中的主要?jiǎng)釉~表示一種愿望,即句中動(dòng)詞是wish,desire, want,hope等(但不是like)時(shí):
people who wish/wished to go on the tour=people wishing to go on the tour希望參加這次旅游的人
fans who hope/hoped for a glimpse of the star=fans hoping for a glimpse of the star希望看一眼這位明星的影迷
4含有上述動(dòng)詞之一或者含有表示知道、考慮的任何動(dòng)詞(例如know,think,believe,expect)的非限定性關(guān)系從句,也同樣可以由一個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)代替:
Peter,who thought the journey would take two days,said相當(dāng)于:
Peter,thinking the journey would take two days,said
彼得認(rèn)為旅行需要兩天時(shí)間,他說(shuō)
Tom,who expected to be paid the following week,offered相當(dāng)于:
Tom,expecting to be paid the following week,offered
湯姆預(yù)計(jì)在下周能得到付款,他提出
Bill,who wanted to make an impression on Ann,took her to相當(dāng)于:
Bill,wanting to make an impression on Ann,took her to
比爾想給安留下一個(gè)好印象,他帶她到