牛津?qū)嵱糜⒄Z語法:194 過去完成時形式和用法
A 形式
過去完成時由had+過去分詞構(gòu)成，因此無人稱變化：
肯定式：I had/Id worked等
否定式：I had not/hadnt worked等
疑問式：had I worked?等
否定疑問式：had I not/hadnt I worked?等
B 用法
1 過去完成時是與現(xiàn)在完成時相當(dāng)?shù)倪^去式。
現(xiàn)在完成時：
Ann has just left.If you hurry youll catch her.
安剛剛走。如果你快一點(diǎn)，就能追上她。
過去完成時：
When I arrived Ann had just left.
我到的時候，安剛剛離開。
現(xiàn)在完成時：
Ive lost my case.
我的手提箱丟了。
過去完成時：
He had lost his case and had to borrow Toms pyjamas.
他的手提箱丟了，不得不去向湯姆借睡衣睡褲。
但是，過去完成時不像現(xiàn)在完成時那樣限于表達(dá)未指明時間的動作，因此可以說：
He had left his case on the 4∶40 train.
他把手提箱丟在4點(diǎn)40分的火車上了。
2 現(xiàn)在完成時可以和 since/for/always等詞連用，表示一個開始于過去并仍在繼續(xù)或剛剛結(jié)束的動作。與此同理，過去完成時也可以用來表示在所說的過去某一時刻之前就已開始的動作，這一動作：
(a)在該時刻仍然在繼續(xù);或
(b)在該時刻停止或剛剛停止。
但應(yīng)注意，過去完成時還可以用來表示：
(c)在所說時刻之前某一時候停止的動作。
(a)，(b)，(c)這三種類型的例句分別列舉如下：
(a)Bill was in uniform when I met him.He had been a soldier for tenyears/since he was seventeen，and planned to stay in the army till hewas thirty.
我遇到比爾的時候，他身穿軍服。那時他已經(jīng)當(dāng)了十年兵了/他
從17歲就當(dāng)兵，并且還計劃在軍隊里呆到30歲。
Ann had lived in a cottage for sixty years/ever since she was born，andhad no wish to move to a tower block.
安在小屋里已經(jīng)住了60年/安出生以來就一直住在小屋，也不想搬到塔樓去住。(這里也可以用過去完成進(jìn)行時形式 had beeniiving。)
(b)The old oak tree，which had stood in the churchyard for300 years/since before the church was built，suddenly crashed to the ground.
屹立在教堂墓地上已300百年之久的老橡樹/在教堂建造之前就屹立著的老橡樹突然間嘩啦一聲巨響倒在地上。(這里也可以用過去完成進(jìn)行時形式 had been standing。)
Peter，who had waited for an hour/since ten oclock，was very angrywith his sister when she eventually turned up.
彼得等了一小時/從10點(diǎn)鐘起就等著，他妹妹終于來到時他非常生氣。(也可以用had been waiting。)
(c)He had served in the army for ten years;then he retired and married.
His children were now at school.
他在軍隊里服役十年，后來退伍并結(jié)了婚。他的孩子現(xiàn)在已上學(xué)了。
這里既不能用since也不能用過去完成進(jìn)行時。還要注意到，這里的過去完成時沒有與之相當(dāng)?shù)默F(xiàn)在完成時。如果把句中最后一個動詞變成現(xiàn)在時，其他動詞時態(tài)都要變成一般過去時。
He served in the army for ten years;then retired and married.
His chil-dren are now at school.
他在軍隊里服役十年，然后退伍并結(jié)了婚。他的孩子現(xiàn)在都在上學(xué)。這些結(jié)構(gòu)以圖解形式分別表示如下，直線AB表示過去完成時的動作，TS表示過去說話的某一時刻：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !461350T1.bmp}
3 過去完成時也是一般過去時的過去時，用來表示敘述者或主語在過去的某一時刻回顧更早的動作：
Tom was 23 when our story begins.His father had died five years beforeand since then Tom had lived alone.His father had advised him not to getmarried till he was 35，and Tom intended to follow this advice.
我們的故事開始時湯姆23歲。他父親五年以前就已去世，打那以后湯姆一直獨(dú)自生活。他父親勸告過他不到35歲不要結(jié)婚，湯姆打算遵從這個忠言。
I had just poured myself a glass of beer when the phone rang.When Icame back form answering it the glass was empty.Somebody had drunkthe beer or thrown it away.
我剛剛給自己倒了一杯啤酒，電話鈴就響了。我接電話回來時，啤酒杯空了。一定有人喝掉了啤酒或者把它潑掉了。
He met her in Paris in 1977.He had last seen her ten years before.Herhair had been grey then;now it was white.
1977年他在巴黎遇見了她。他上一次見到她是十年之前。那時她的頭發(fā)是灰白的，這時已經(jīng)全白了。
He met her in 1967 and again ten years later.Her hair，which had beengrey at their first meeting，was now white
他1967年見到過她，十年以后又見到了她。她的頭發(fā)在他們第一次見面時還是灰白的，這時已經(jīng)全白了。
但是如果只是依次敘述先后發(fā)生的事件，就不需要用過去完成時：
Toms father died when Tom was eighteen.Before he died he advisedTom not to marry till he was 35，and Tom at 23 still intended to followthis advice.
湯姆的父親在湯姆18歲那一年去世了。在他去世之前，他勸告湯姆要到35歲再結(jié)婚。湯姆到了23歲仍然打算遵從父親的忠言。
He met her first in 1967 when her hair was grey.He met her again in1977./He didnt meet her again till 1977.Her hair was now white.
1967年他第一次遇見她，那時她的頭發(fā)是灰白色。1977年他再次遇見她。/直到1977年才再次遇見她。這時她的頭發(fā)全白了。
上述兩個例句中，都沒有從過去某時刻去回顧過去，因此就沒有理由用過去完成時。
注意以下例句含義上的區(qū)別：
She heard voices and realized that there were three people in the nextroom.
她聽到了說話的聲音，知道隔壁房間里有三個人。
She saw empty glasses and cups and realized that three people had been inthe room.
她看到了空玻璃杯子和茶杯，知道房間里曾來過三個人。(他們已經(jīng)不在那里了。)
He arrived at 2∶30 and was told to wait in the VIP lounge.
他在兩點(diǎn)半到達(dá)并被告知在貴賓休息室等候。
He arrived at 2∶30.He had been told to wait in the VIP lounge.
他在兩點(diǎn)半到達(dá)。來之前已被告知在貴賓休息室等候。
在倒數(shù)第二句中，他在抵達(dá)后才接到指示;在最后一句中，他
是在抵達(dá)之前就接到指示的，可能在出發(fā)之前就已接到。
A 形式
過去完成時由had+過去分詞構(gòu)成，因此無人稱變化：
肯定式：I had/Id worked等
否定式：I had not/hadnt worked等
疑問式：had I worked?等
否定疑問式：had I not/hadnt I worked?等
B 用法
1 過去完成時是與現(xiàn)在完成時相當(dāng)?shù)倪^去式。
現(xiàn)在完成時：
Ann has just left.If you hurry youll catch her.
安剛剛走。如果你快一點(diǎn)，就能追上她。
過去完成時：
When I arrived Ann had just left.
我到的時候，安剛剛離開。
現(xiàn)在完成時：
Ive lost my case.
我的手提箱丟了。
過去完成時：
He had lost his case and had to borrow Toms pyjamas.
他的手提箱丟了，不得不去向湯姆借睡衣睡褲。
但是，過去完成時不像現(xiàn)在完成時那樣限于表達(dá)未指明時間的動作，因此可以說：
He had left his case on the 4∶40 train.
他把手提箱丟在4點(diǎn)40分的火車上了。
2 現(xiàn)在完成時可以和 since/for/always等詞連用，表示一個開始于過去并仍在繼續(xù)或剛剛結(jié)束的動作。與此同理，過去完成時也可以用來表示在所說的過去某一時刻之前就已開始的動作，這一動作：
(a)在該時刻仍然在繼續(xù);或
(b)在該時刻停止或剛剛停止。
但應(yīng)注意，過去完成時還可以用來表示：
(c)在所說時刻之前某一時候停止的動作。
(a)，(b)，(c)這三種類型的例句分別列舉如下：
(a)Bill was in uniform when I met him.He had been a soldier for tenyears/since he was seventeen，and planned to stay in the army till hewas thirty.
我遇到比爾的時候，他身穿軍服。那時他已經(jīng)當(dāng)了十年兵了/他
從17歲就當(dāng)兵，并且還計劃在軍隊里呆到30歲。
Ann had lived in a cottage for sixty years/ever since she was born，andhad no wish to move to a tower block.
安在小屋里已經(jīng)住了60年/安出生以來就一直住在小屋，也不想搬到塔樓去住。(這里也可以用過去完成進(jìn)行時形式 had beeniiving。)
(b)The old oak tree，which had stood in the churchyard for300 years/since before the church was built，suddenly crashed to the ground.
屹立在教堂墓地上已300百年之久的老橡樹/在教堂建造之前就屹立著的老橡樹突然間嘩啦一聲巨響倒在地上。(這里也可以用過去完成進(jìn)行時形式 had been standing。)
Peter，who had waited for an hour/since ten oclock，was very angrywith his sister when she eventually turned up.
彼得等了一小時/從10點(diǎn)鐘起就等著，他妹妹終于來到時他非常生氣。(也可以用had been waiting。)
(c)He had served in the army for ten years;then he retired and married.
His children were now at school.
他在軍隊里服役十年，后來退伍并結(jié)了婚。他的孩子現(xiàn)在已上學(xué)了。
這里既不能用since也不能用過去完成進(jìn)行時。還要注意到，這里的過去完成時沒有與之相當(dāng)?shù)默F(xiàn)在完成時。如果把句中最后一個動詞變成現(xiàn)在時，其他動詞時態(tài)都要變成一般過去時。
He served in the army for ten years;then retired and married.
His chil-dren are now at school.
他在軍隊里服役十年，然后退伍并結(jié)了婚。他的孩子現(xiàn)在都在上學(xué)。這些結(jié)構(gòu)以圖解形式分別表示如下，直線AB表示過去完成時的動作，TS表示過去說話的某一時刻：
{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !461350T1.bmp}
3 過去完成時也是一般過去時的過去時，用來表示敘述者或主語在過去的某一時刻回顧更早的動作：
Tom was 23 when our story begins.His father had died five years beforeand since then Tom had lived alone.His father had advised him not to getmarried till he was 35，and Tom intended to follow this advice.
我們的故事開始時湯姆23歲。他父親五年以前就已去世，打那以后湯姆一直獨(dú)自生活。他父親勸告過他不到35歲不要結(jié)婚，湯姆打算遵從這個忠言。
I had just poured myself a glass of beer when the phone rang.When Icame back form answering it the glass was empty.Somebody had drunkthe beer or thrown it away.
我剛剛給自己倒了一杯啤酒，電話鈴就響了。我接電話回來時，啤酒杯空了。一定有人喝掉了啤酒或者把它潑掉了。
He met her in Paris in 1977.He had last seen her ten years before.Herhair had been grey then;now it was white.
1977年他在巴黎遇見了她。他上一次見到她是十年之前。那時她的頭發(fā)是灰白的，這時已經(jīng)全白了。
He met her in 1967 and again ten years later.Her hair，which had beengrey at their first meeting，was now white
他1967年見到過她，十年以后又見到了她。她的頭發(fā)在他們第一次見面時還是灰白的，這時已經(jīng)全白了。
但是如果只是依次敘述先后發(fā)生的事件，就不需要用過去完成時：
Toms father died when Tom was eighteen.Before he died he advisedTom not to marry till he was 35，and Tom at 23 still intended to followthis advice.
湯姆的父親在湯姆18歲那一年去世了。在他去世之前，他勸告湯姆要到35歲再結(jié)婚。湯姆到了23歲仍然打算遵從父親的忠言。
He met her first in 1967 when her hair was grey.He met her again in1977./He didnt meet her again till 1977.Her hair was now white.
1967年他第一次遇見她，那時她的頭發(fā)是灰白色。1977年他再次遇見她。/直到1977年才再次遇見她。這時她的頭發(fā)全白了。
上述兩個例句中，都沒有從過去某時刻去回顧過去，因此就沒有理由用過去完成時。
注意以下例句含義上的區(qū)別：
She heard voices and realized that there were three people in the nextroom.
她聽到了說話的聲音，知道隔壁房間里有三個人。
She saw empty glasses and cups and realized that three people had been inthe room.
她看到了空玻璃杯子和茶杯，知道房間里曾來過三個人。(他們已經(jīng)不在那里了。)
He arrived at 2∶30 and was told to wait in the VIP lounge.
他在兩點(diǎn)半到達(dá)并被告知在貴賓休息室等候。
He arrived at 2∶30.He had been told to wait in the VIP lounge.
他在兩點(diǎn)半到達(dá)。來之前已被告知在貴賓休息室等候。
在倒數(shù)第二句中，他在抵達(dá)后才接到指示;在最后一句中，他
是在抵達(dá)之前就接到指示的，可能在出發(fā)之前就已接到。
