職稱英語(yǔ)常考語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)解被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
職稱英語(yǔ)常考語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)解:被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,它表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系.語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,或者是說(shuō)動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)完成的,要用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,或者是說(shuō)動(dòng)作不是由主語(yǔ)而是由其他人完成的,則用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).
一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)考點(diǎn)聚焦
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的概念:
不知道或沒(méi)必要提到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式:
be + 過(guò)去分詞,口語(yǔ)只也有用get / become + 過(guò)去分詞表示.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本用法:
使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題.
①主動(dòng)變化被動(dòng)時(shí)雙賓語(yǔ)的變化.看下列例句.
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
An interesting book was given to meon my birthday.
I was given an interesting book on my birthday.
②主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)時(shí),賓補(bǔ)成主補(bǔ);不定式前需加to.
The boss made him work all day long.
He was made to work all day long
③短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),勿要掉尾巴.
The children were taken good care of .
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
④情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等結(jié)構(gòu)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài), 只需將它們后面的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閎e +過(guò)去分詞.
⑤當(dāng)句子的謂語(yǔ)為say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等時(shí),被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),動(dòng)詞不定式作主補(bǔ).用it作形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)在后面用主語(yǔ)在后面用主語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示.如:
People say he is a smart boy.
It is said that he is a smart boy.
He is said to be a smart boy.
People know paper was made in China first.
It is known that paper was made in China first.
Paper was known to be made in China first.
類似句型有:It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that
不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況.
①所有的不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞詞組不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之中.
②表示狀態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,如:last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等.
③表示歸屬的動(dòng)詞,如have、own、belong to等.
④表示希望、意圖的動(dòng)詞,如:wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等.
⑤賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).
⑥賓語(yǔ)是同源賓語(yǔ),不定式、動(dòng)名詞等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).
⑦有些動(dòng)詞以其主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,特別是當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是物時(shí),常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有sell、write、wash、open、lock等.
主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義.
①當(dāng)feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時(shí);當(dāng)cut、read、sell、wear、write等詞帶狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)時(shí);當(dāng)動(dòng)詞表示開(kāi)始、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動(dòng)等意義時(shí).
This kind of cloth washes easily.這種布易洗.
These novels wont sell well.這些小說(shuō)不暢銷.
My pen writes smoothly.我的鋼筆寫起來(lái)很流暢.
The door wont lock.門鎖不上.
The fish smells good.魚聞起來(lái)香.
②當(dāng)break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等動(dòng)詞表示發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定等意思時(shí).
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
③want, require, need后面的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)含義.
④be worth doing用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義.
⑤在be + 形容詞 + to do中,不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ),用主動(dòng)代被動(dòng).
This kind of water isnt fit to drink.
The girl isnt easy to get along with.
另外:be to blame,be to rent也用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng).
被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義的幾種情況.
①be seated坐著
He is seated on a bench.坐在凳子上.
②be hidden躲藏
He was hidden behind the door.他藏在門后.
③be lost迷路
④be drunk喝醉
⑤be dressed穿著
The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;系表結(jié)構(gòu)表主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài).如:
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.
The book is well sold.
二、精典名題導(dǎo)解
1. Do you like the material? Yes, it _____ very soft.
A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
【解析】此題正確答案為C,因?yàn)?feel 在此為連系動(dòng)詞,而連系動(dòng)詞均為不及物動(dòng)詞,不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),盡管有時(shí)其漢語(yǔ)意思有被動(dòng)意味.
2. He was angry _____ your work. He said that he _____ at all.
A. at, didnt satisfy B. to, didnt satisfy
C. at, wasnt satisfied D. to, wasnt satisfied
【解析】最佳答案為C. be angry at sth 意為對(duì)某事生氣,許多同學(xué)常按漢語(yǔ)意思將其中的介詞 at 換成 to,這是錯(cuò)誤的.另外,許多同學(xué)將漢語(yǔ)的不滿意直譯為 not satisfy,這是是不對(duì)的,因?yàn)?satisfy在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中只用作及物動(dòng)詞,其意不是滿意而是使?jié)M意,所以其后不能沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ),除非本身是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).
3. If you want to sell your product you must _____ it.
A. advertise B. advertise for C. advertise on D. advertise to
【解析】事實(shí)上,正確答案為A. advertise 可用作及物和不及物動(dòng)詞:用作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),其意為為做廣告、登廣告宣傳;用作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),其意為做廣告、登廣告,此時(shí)通常后接介詞 for,表示做廣告征求.比較:
advertise for sth 登廣告征求或?qū)ふ夷澄锘蚰橙?/p>
advertise sth 為登廣告,登廣告宣傳
People advertise things that they wish to sell. 人們?yōu)橐u的東西登廣告.
The manager wants to advertise for a new secretary. 經(jīng)理想登廣告招聘一位新秘書.
再比較以下用例:
advertise jobs 登廣告招人
advertise for jobs 登廣告求職
4. I love traveling. I hope to go with you this time. But does your mother _____ you to go?
A. let B. agree C. allow D. promise
【解析】最佳答案為C. 不能選A是因?yàn)?let 后用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式不能帶 to;不能選B是因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞 agree 習(xí)慣上不用于 agree sb to do sth 這一句式;不能選D是因?yàn)樵?promise sb to do sth 這一句式中,to do sth 的邏輯主語(yǔ)是 promise 的主語(yǔ)而不其是賓語(yǔ),比如 He promised me to go 的意思是他答應(yīng)我,他去,而不是他答應(yīng)我讓我去.之所以能選C,是因?yàn)?allow sb to do sth與上文語(yǔ)境剛好吻合.
5. Do your parents agree to your doing that? Yes, of course. In fact, they always ______ me to try something new.
A. hope B. suggest C. support D. encourage
【解析】此題的正解答案是D. 因?yàn)樵谝陨纤膫€(gè)選項(xiàng)中,只有encourage 可后接不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ),即可用于 encourage sb to do sth,而其余三者均不可后接不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ),即英語(yǔ)中習(xí)慣上不說(shuō) hope sb to do sth, suggest sb to do sth, support sb to do sth.
職稱英語(yǔ)常考語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)解:被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,它表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系.語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,或者是說(shuō)動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)完成的,要用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,或者是說(shuō)動(dòng)作不是由主語(yǔ)而是由其他人完成的,則用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).
一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)考點(diǎn)聚焦
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的概念:
不知道或沒(méi)必要提到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式:
be + 過(guò)去分詞,口語(yǔ)只也有用get / become + 過(guò)去分詞表示.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本用法:
使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題.
①主動(dòng)變化被動(dòng)時(shí)雙賓語(yǔ)的變化.看下列例句.
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
An interesting book was given to meon my birthday.
I was given an interesting book on my birthday.
②主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)時(shí),賓補(bǔ)成主補(bǔ);不定式前需加to.
The boss made him work all day long.
He was made to work all day long
③短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),勿要掉尾巴.
The children were taken good care of .
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
④情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等結(jié)構(gòu)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài), 只需將它們后面的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閎e +過(guò)去分詞.
⑤當(dāng)句子的謂語(yǔ)為say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等時(shí),被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),動(dòng)詞不定式作主補(bǔ).用it作形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)在后面用主語(yǔ)在后面用主語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示.如:
People say he is a smart boy.
It is said that he is a smart boy.
He is said to be a smart boy.
People know paper was made in China first.
It is known that paper was made in China first.
Paper was known to be made in China first.
類似句型有:It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that
不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況.
①所有的不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞詞組不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之中.
②表示狀態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,如:last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等.
③表示歸屬的動(dòng)詞,如have、own、belong to等.
④表示希望、意圖的動(dòng)詞,如:wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等.
⑤賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).
⑥賓語(yǔ)是同源賓語(yǔ),不定式、動(dòng)名詞等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).
⑦有些動(dòng)詞以其主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,特別是當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是物時(shí),常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有sell、write、wash、open、lock等.
主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義.
①當(dāng)feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時(shí);當(dāng)cut、read、sell、wear、write等詞帶狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)時(shí);當(dāng)動(dòng)詞表示開(kāi)始、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動(dòng)等意義時(shí).
This kind of cloth washes easily.這種布易洗.
These novels wont sell well.這些小說(shuō)不暢銷.
My pen writes smoothly.我的鋼筆寫起來(lái)很流暢.
The door wont lock.門鎖不上.
The fish smells good.魚聞起來(lái)香.
②當(dāng)break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等動(dòng)詞表示發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定等意思時(shí).
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
③want, require, need后面的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)含義.
④be worth doing用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義.
⑤在be + 形容詞 + to do中,不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ),用主動(dòng)代被動(dòng).
This kind of water isnt fit to drink.
The girl isnt easy to get along with.
另外:be to blame,be to rent也用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng).
被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義的幾種情況.
①be seated坐著
He is seated on a bench.坐在凳子上.
②be hidden躲藏
He was hidden behind the door.他藏在門后.
③be lost迷路
④be drunk喝醉
⑤be dressed穿著
The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;系表結(jié)構(gòu)表主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài).如:
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.
The book is well sold.
二、精典名題導(dǎo)解
1. Do you like the material? Yes, it _____ very soft.
A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
【解析】此題正確答案為C,因?yàn)?feel 在此為連系動(dòng)詞,而連系動(dòng)詞均為不及物動(dòng)詞,不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),盡管有時(shí)其漢語(yǔ)意思有被動(dòng)意味.
2. He was angry _____ your work. He said that he _____ at all.
A. at, didnt satisfy B. to, didnt satisfy
C. at, wasnt satisfied D. to, wasnt satisfied
【解析】最佳答案為C. be angry at sth 意為對(duì)某事生氣,許多同學(xué)常按漢語(yǔ)意思將其中的介詞 at 換成 to,這是錯(cuò)誤的.另外,許多同學(xué)將漢語(yǔ)的不滿意直譯為 not satisfy,這是是不對(duì)的,因?yàn)?satisfy在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中只用作及物動(dòng)詞,其意不是滿意而是使?jié)M意,所以其后不能沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ),除非本身是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).
3. If you want to sell your product you must _____ it.
A. advertise B. advertise for C. advertise on D. advertise to
【解析】事實(shí)上,正確答案為A. advertise 可用作及物和不及物動(dòng)詞:用作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),其意為為做廣告、登廣告宣傳;用作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),其意為做廣告、登廣告,此時(shí)通常后接介詞 for,表示做廣告征求.比較:
advertise for sth 登廣告征求或?qū)ふ夷澄锘蚰橙?/p>
advertise sth 為登廣告,登廣告宣傳
People advertise things that they wish to sell. 人們?yōu)橐u的東西登廣告.
The manager wants to advertise for a new secretary. 經(jīng)理想登廣告招聘一位新秘書.
再比較以下用例:
advertise jobs 登廣告招人
advertise for jobs 登廣告求職
4. I love traveling. I hope to go with you this time. But does your mother _____ you to go?
A. let B. agree C. allow D. promise
【解析】最佳答案為C. 不能選A是因?yàn)?let 后用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式不能帶 to;不能選B是因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞 agree 習(xí)慣上不用于 agree sb to do sth 這一句式;不能選D是因?yàn)樵?promise sb to do sth 這一句式中,to do sth 的邏輯主語(yǔ)是 promise 的主語(yǔ)而不其是賓語(yǔ),比如 He promised me to go 的意思是他答應(yīng)我,他去,而不是他答應(yīng)我讓我去.之所以能選C,是因?yàn)?allow sb to do sth與上文語(yǔ)境剛好吻合.
5. Do your parents agree to your doing that? Yes, of course. In fact, they always ______ me to try something new.
A. hope B. suggest C. support D. encourage
【解析】此題的正解答案是D. 因?yàn)樵谝陨纤膫€(gè)選項(xiàng)中,只有encourage 可后接不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ),即可用于 encourage sb to do sth,而其余三者均不可后接不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ),即英語(yǔ)中習(xí)慣上不說(shuō) hope sb to do sth, suggest sb to do sth, support sb to do sth.
