如何在英文寫作中避免性別的歧視？
近四十年來，盡管非性別歧視語還沒有達到非不可的程度，但它畢竟已進人日常會話和寫作的主流之中。隨便翻開一張英美的報紙，或瞧一下五花八門的宣傳廣告，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)supervisor(工頭，領(lǐng)班)替代了原來的foreman， workmans compensation(工人賠償金)變成了workers compensation; sales representive， sales associate或seller(推銷員)取代了常用詞salesman等。
為此，筆者將有關(guān)資料整理如下，供英語學(xué)習(xí)者參考。請注意，所選用的例句，除個別注明外，均選自Rosalie Maggio編寫的The Nonselist Word Finder： A Dictionary of Gender-Free Usage (Maggio， 1989)。
1.盡量不用通性代詞he，除了明確地指代一個男性人物時，都要設(shè)法避免使用之。可以根據(jù)語境需要，選用下列替換方式：
1)采用復(fù)數(shù)形式Sexist：
When bathing a baby， never leave him unattended. Revised： When bathing babies， never leave them unattended.給嬰兒洗澡時，一定不能讓他們無人照料。
2)用we/us/our改寫原句Sexist：
From each according to his abilities， to each according to his needs. Revised： From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs.各盡所能，按需分配。
3)改用第二人稱、Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.
Revised: You dont know what your true character is until you have run out of gas， purchased something on the ! installment plan and raised an adolescent.只有當(dāng)汽車大的油用光了，按分規(guī)付款方式購物和撫養(yǎng)大一個孩子時，人的本來品性才會顯露出來。
4)改用被動語態(tài)Sexist：
One who， when he has the choice of two evils， chooses both. Revised： One who， when given the choice of two evils, chooses both.一個在兩種惡行之中要作出選擇就兩者都選的人。
5)完全省略代詞Sexist:
What a person thinks of after he becomes a departee? Revised： What a person thinks of after becoming a departee?一個人離去后，會作何感想呢?
6)用冠詞替代Sexist：
Can a critic give his opinion of an omelet without being asked to make one?
Revised： Can a critic give an opinion of?
評論家議論煎蛋時難道到非要他去自己煎雞蛋嗎?
7)用someone， one, the one， no one等替代Sexist：
He who can take advice is sometimes superior to him who can give it. Revised： Someone who can take advice is sometimes superior to the one who can give it.接受忠告者有時勝過發(fā)出忠告者。
8)使用he and she或his and her，但使用的次數(shù)不宜太多。
s/he僅可用于備忘錄(memos), 便條(notes), 或者非正式的交談之中。
9)用名詞或上下文中用過的同義詞替換Sexist:
To find a friend one must close one eye - to keep him, two. Revised: To find a friend， one must close one eye - to keep a friend, two.想找朋友;就得睜一只眼，閉一只眼;想留住朋友，就得雙眼都閉上。
近四十年來，盡管非性別歧視語還沒有達到非不可的程度，但它畢竟已進人日常會話和寫作的主流之中。隨便翻開一張英美的報紙，或瞧一下五花八門的宣傳廣告，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)supervisor(工頭，領(lǐng)班)替代了原來的foreman， workmans compensation(工人賠償金)變成了workers compensation; sales representive， sales associate或seller(推銷員)取代了常用詞salesman等。
為此，筆者將有關(guān)資料整理如下，供英語學(xué)習(xí)者參考。請注意，所選用的例句，除個別注明外，均選自Rosalie Maggio編寫的The Nonselist Word Finder： A Dictionary of Gender-Free Usage (Maggio， 1989)。
1.盡量不用通性代詞he，除了明確地指代一個男性人物時，都要設(shè)法避免使用之。可以根據(jù)語境需要，選用下列替換方式：
1)采用復(fù)數(shù)形式Sexist：
When bathing a baby， never leave him unattended. Revised： When bathing babies， never leave them unattended.給嬰兒洗澡時，一定不能讓他們無人照料。
2)用we/us/our改寫原句Sexist：
From each according to his abilities， to each according to his needs. Revised： From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs.各盡所能，按需分配。
3)改用第二人稱、Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.
Revised: You dont know what your true character is until you have run out of gas， purchased something on the ! installment plan and raised an adolescent.只有當(dāng)汽車大的油用光了，按分規(guī)付款方式購物和撫養(yǎng)大一個孩子時，人的本來品性才會顯露出來。
4)改用被動語態(tài)Sexist：
One who， when he has the choice of two evils， chooses both. Revised： One who， when given the choice of two evils, chooses both.一個在兩種惡行之中要作出選擇就兩者都選的人。
5)完全省略代詞Sexist:
What a person thinks of after he becomes a departee? Revised： What a person thinks of after becoming a departee?一個人離去后，會作何感想呢?
6)用冠詞替代Sexist：
Can a critic give his opinion of an omelet without being asked to make one?
Revised： Can a critic give an opinion of?
評論家議論煎蛋時難道到非要他去自己煎雞蛋嗎?
7)用someone， one, the one， no one等替代Sexist：
He who can take advice is sometimes superior to him who can give it. Revised： Someone who can take advice is sometimes superior to the one who can give it.接受忠告者有時勝過發(fā)出忠告者。
8)使用he and she或his and her，但使用的次數(shù)不宜太多。
s/he僅可用于備忘錄(memos), 便條(notes), 或者非正式的交談之中。
9)用名詞或上下文中用過的同義詞替換Sexist:
To find a friend one must close one eye - to keep him, two. Revised: To find a friend， one must close one eye - to keep a friend, two.想找朋友;就得睜一只眼，閉一只眼;想留住朋友，就得雙眼都閉上。
